What Is Narrative Therapy Definition and Techniques

Narrative therapy is a psychological approach that seeks to adjust the stories one tells about one’s life in order to bring about positive change and better mental health. It considers people the experts on their own lives and views them as separate from their problems. Narrative therapy was developed by social worker Michael White and family therapist David Epston in the 1980s. Key Takeaways: Narrative Therapy The goal of narrative therapy is to help clients adjust and tell alternative stories about their lives so they better match who and what they want to be, leading to positive change.Narrative therapy is non-pathologizing, non-blaming, and sees clients as experts on their own lives.Narrative therapists view people as separate from their problems and strive to have clients view their problems that way too. That way a client no longer sees a problem as an unchangeable part of them, but as an external issue that can be changed. Origins Narrative therapy is a relatively new, and therefore lesser known, form of therapy. It was developed in the 1980s by Michael White, an Australian social worker, and David Epston, a family therapist from New Zealand. It gained traction in the United States in the 1990s. White and Epston developed narrative therapy to be a non-pathologizing form of therapy based on the following three ideas: Narrative therapy respects each client. Clients are treated as brave and agentic individuals who should be commended for recognizing and working to address their issues. They are never viewed as deficient or inherently problematic.Narrative therapy does not blame clients for their problems. The client is not at fault for their problems and blame is not assigned to them or anyone else. Narrative therapy looks at people and their problems as separate.  Narrative therapy sees clients as experts on their own lives. In narrative therapy, the therapist and the client are on equal footing, but it is the client who has intimate knowledge of his or her own life. As a result, therapy is meant to be a collaboration between the client and the therapist in which the therapist views the client as having all the capabilities, skills, and knowledge necessary to address their problems. Narrative therapists believe people’s identities are shaped by the stories they tell about their lives. When those stories become focused on specific problems, the person often begins to view the problem as an inherent part of themselves. However, narrative therapy views peoples problems as external to the individual and seeks to adjust the stories people tell about themselves in ways that let them see their problems this way too. Narrative therapy’s stance is quite different from many other forms of therapy in which the therapist takes the lead. It can be uncomfortable and take a lot of practice for clients to successfully separate themselves from their problems. The Stories of Our Lives Narrative therapy positions stories as central to the way people understand and evaluate their lives. Humans use stories to interpret events and experiences. Each day many stories occur at the same time as we go about living our lives. These stories may be about our career, our relationships, our weaknesses, our triumphs, our failures, our strengths, or our possible futures. In this context stories consist of events that are linked in sequence across time. Together these linked events create a plot. The meaning we assign to different stories is based on the context of our lives, both as an individual and as a product of our culture. For example, an elderly African American male will likely tell the story of an encounter with a police officer very differently from a young, white female.   Some stories become dominant in our lives and some of these dominant stories can be problematic because of the way we interpret the events weve experienced. For example, perhaps a woman has a story of herself as unlikeable. Over her lifetime she can think of numerous times when someone didn’t want to spend time with her or didn’t seem to enjoy her company. As a result, she can string together numerous events into a sequence that she interprets as meaning she is unlikeable. As the story becomes dominant in her mind, new events that fit the narrative will become privileged over other events that dont fit the narrative, such as when someone seeks her out to spend time with her. These events might be passed off as a fluke or an anomaly. This story about being unlikeable will impact the woman’s life now and in the future. So, for instance, if she’s invited to a party, she may decline because she believes no one at the party will want her there. Yet the womans conclusion that shes unlikeable is limiting and has negative consequences on her life. Narrative Therapy Techniques The goal of the narrative therapist is to work with the individual to come up with an alternative story that better matches what they actually want from their lives. There are several techniques that are often used by narrative therapists to do this. They are: Constructing a Narrative The therapist and the client work together to tell the client’s story in the client’s own words. In the process, the therapist and the client look for new meanings in the story that may help them alter the clients existing stories or create new ones. This process is sometimes referred to as â€Å"re-authoring† or â€Å"re-storying.† This is based on the idea that one event can have many different meanings and interpretations. In narrative therapy the client will come to recognize that they can make new meanings from their life stories. Externalization The goal of this technique is to change a client’s perspective so they no longer see themselves as problematic. Instead, they see themselves as a person with problems. This externalizes their problems, reducing the influence they have on the individual’s life. The idea behind this technique is that if we see our problems as an integral part of our personality, they can seem impossible to change. But if those problems are simply something the individual does, they feel far less insurmountable. It’s often challenging for clients to embrace this perspective. However, doing so can be empowering and make people feel like they have more control over their issues. Deconstruction Deconstructing a problem means making it more specific in order to zero in on the core of the issue. When a story has been dominant in our lives for an extended period of time, we may begin to overgeneralize it, and therefore, have difficulty seeing what the underlying problem really is. A narrative therapist helps clients reduce the story to its parts in order to discover what the problem theyre struggling with really is. For example, a client may say he feels frustrated because his colleagues at work don’t value his work. This is a very general statement and it’s hard to develop a solution to this problem. So the therapist would work with the client to deconstruct the problem to get an idea of why he’s constructing a narrative in which hes being devalued by his colleagues. This can help the client see himself as someone who has a fear of being overlooked and needs to learn to better communicate his competencies to his colleagues. Unique Outcomes This technique involves looking at one’s story from a new perspective and developing more positive, life-affirming stories as a result. Since there are many stories we could potentially tell about our experiences, the idea of this technique is to reimagine our story. That way, the new story can minimize the problem that became overwhelming in the old story. Critiques Narrative therapy has been shown to help individuals, couples, and families with problems including anxiety, depression, aggression and anger, grief and loss, and family and relationship conflict. However, there are several criticisms that have been leveled at narrative therapy. First, because its been around for such a brief period of time in comparison to other forms of therapy, there isn’t a great deal of scientific evidence for the efficacy of narrative therapy. In addition, some clients may not be reliable or truthful in their narration of their stories. If the client is only comfortable putting his stories in a positive light with the therapist, he won’t get much out of this form of therapy. Moreover, some clients may not want to be positioned as the expert on their lives or to help drive the therapeutic process. People who are less comfortable expressing themselves in words may not do well with this approach. Moreover, the approach will be inappropriate for individuals who have limited cognitive or language skills, or who are psychotic. Sources Ackerman, Courtney. 19 Narrative Therapy Techniques, Interventions Worksheets. PositivePsychology, 4 July, 2019. https://positivepsychology.com/narrative-therapy/Addiction.com. Narrative Therapy. https://www.addiction.com/a-z/narrative-therapy/BetterHelp. How Can You Benefit From Narrative Therapy? 4 April, 2019. https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/therapy/how-can-you-benefit-from-narrative-therapy/?Clarke, Jodi. What is Narrative Therapy? Verywell Mind, 25 July, 2019 https://www.verywellmind.com/narrative-therapy-4172956Cline King, Laney. What is Narrative Therapy? HealthyPsych. https://healthypsych.com/narrative-therapy/GoodTherapy. Michael White (1948-2008). 24 July, 2015. https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/michael-white.htmlMorgan, Alice. What is Narrative Therapy? Dulwich Centre, 2000. https://dulwichcentre.com.au/what-is-narrative-therapy/

Thomas Aquinas vs. Descarates Essays - 673 Words

THOMAS AQUINA’S V. DESCARATES Meditation III Several hundred years ago, two great philosophers Thomas Aquinas’s and Rene Descartes used the method of ontological argument for the existence of God and used intuition and reason alone to get to each other’s theory. Rene Descartes wrote out several mediations, but the one we’re going to touch base on is meditation III that he wrote in the 1600’s; While Thomas Aquinas’s wrote his five proofs of God in 1270 that specifies God’s existence in each proof; the one that gives the best argument is the existence of God in his III proof. While both philosophers provide great information about their reason about God, Thomas Aquinas’s and Rene Descartes both attempt to prove the existence of God, but†¦show more content†¦Than there has to be something that already existed to make everything exist and for that to happen that had to be someone, so that is God. Aquinas also pointed one in one of his earlier proofs of the First Mover. Aquinas says that anything moved is moved by another, so there must be a first mover (a mover that is not itself moved by another) and that first mover is God. Both of the philosophers used great methods to come to their conclusion about how god came into existence. They both used different thinking methods to get to their well respected arguments but did come to the conclusion that God does â€Å"exist†. I believe the key difference about the two philosophers was the time difference between the philosophers, Thomas Aquinas wrote his proofs in the medieval ages around the 1200’s while ( with no disrespect) Rene Descartes wrote his meditation in the 1600’s. There is a big 400 year gap between ideas are compared but that came down to the same conclusion So in the end, Thomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes both attempted to prove the existence of God, but they differ in respect to the different thought processes to obtai n the existence of God. An still to this day both Philosophers are regarded as key factor in the world of philosophy and their arguments were so influential that they were able to land a spot in our textbook â€Å"THE GREAT CONVERSATION†. But thanks to these gentlemen and their contributions to their works were able

The Prescriptive and Emergent Approaches to Strategic Management free essay sample

Various definitions, approaches and theories have been put forward by scholars to explain strategic management, all looking at the process of strategy at different angles, from two approaches, the emergent and the Prescriptive approaches, trying to propose superiority on either approaches. Some scholars like Porter even advocate other alternative to strategic management. The truth is that, there is no best approaches just a management effort to seek out the best way for survival in this changing and dynamic business world and now in this period of economic turbulence. What is Strategy? From the Greek word ‘strategos’ which means ‘what the general do’, the word strategy dates back to the 1960s where scholars differentiated the schools of thought which has been influencing business life since then. Various definitions have been given to the term ‘Strategy’, according to Johnson and Scholes, strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term which achieves advantages for the firm through its manipulation of resources within a changing business environment to satisfy stakeholders. James Quinn (1998) saw strategy as the pattern or plan that integrates a firm’s major goal, policies and action sequences into a cohesive whole. To organize and allocate the firm’s resources efficiently based on its internal strengths and weaknesses, predictive environmental changes and competitors. Kenneth Andrews (1998) explains corporate strategy as the pattern of decisions in a company that determines and reveals its objective, purpose or goal, produces the principal policies and plans to achieve those goals, and defines the range of business to be pursued.. Lynch (2009), believes it’s the identification of the purpose of an organisation and the plans and actions to achieve that purpose. Porter (1996) says it’s about achieving competitive advantage through being different. Rowe et al. (1986) says it is the decision process that conjoins the internal capacity of the organization and the opportunities and threats from its business environment. And so on, the list of definitions is endless, but I believe that however strategic management is defined, the major issue is using available company resources to compliment the firm’s external business environment i. e. PESTLEC Model. Methods of approach may differ, but the end result for any firm should be same, to satisfy its stakeholders. The essence of strategic management is to address the over-all long term directions of the company, using SWOT analysis to create the appropriate strategy to cushion changes in the future of the business. Stoner identifies 5 stages of a logical decision making process; the investigative stages (gathering all relevant information on the situation of the business environment   factors), alternative decision development stage, evaluation stage, selection stage, and implementation and follow-up stage. The whole framework of strategy management is integrating corporate objectives with management activities supported by efficient operation functions to achieve effective organizational growth and development at all times especially in these present tough turbulent economy. The corporate management is involved in strategic management; they set the goals and objectives of the firm, stipulate the business culture of the organization, leadership style, agree on the business motives and define the stakeholders of the business. The middle management is then responsible for strategic planning, interpreting the corporate objectives and putting in place strategies to meet these objectives and coordinating operations management to implement it. It’s also used for budgeting and control, long ange planning, future strategic planning and management. According to Aaker (1984), it can also lead to market orientation; understanding, forecasting, and provision of customer’s needs especially in times of market turbulence like we have today, feeds information back to the firm, allow for better knowledge of factors, exposure to opportunities in international markets, improve decision making, help take advantage of available opportunities with company resources at less risks, improves operational process and development, bases for long term planning, and internal efficiencies. All these can also be seen as the advantages of strategic management planning to include managerial value, appraisal of present status, competitive advantage, encourage logical thinking in environmental turbulence, creates alternative approach to business and objectives achievement, allows for continuity, efficiency, growth and development of the firm and finally cushions effect from unforeseen events in the business arena. Strategy may be distinguished in content (what is involved), process (how it is done) and context (where it is done: the business environment). There are two schools of thought on how strategic management can be developed, the emergent and prescriptive approach, anchored by the works of Michael Porter (prescriptive) and Henry Mintzberg (emergent). Mintzberg and Waters(1985) also acknowledged various other types of strategies, but for this paper we’ll consider only the emergent and Prescriptive Approach: this is from the view of long term monitoring and control of business plans for the future, this approach analyses the resources available to the organisation internally (McKenzie’s 7s) and the external environment (Porter’s 5 forces and the   Factors), using the mission and objectives of the firm to formulate various strategies that can support the business in future, from which the most suitable is picked and implemented. It takes into account the organisations position for the future using SWOT analysis, strategic planning, environmental scanning and scenario playing. It is a top-to-bottom management process. Prescriptive approach uses market intelligence, classified objectives, well chosen enemy in this case a dynamic environment, to create an attack strategy and innovates the strategy to predict and cushion the effects of the changes in its business environment. It identifies the purpose of the organization and plans to achieve them. This approach can be likened to a football match, were the coach knows his opponents and forms a strategy to win the match. Prescriptive approach is pre-planned and set in motion to achieve its objectives. The approach also borrows theories from economists like Adam Smith in suggesting that the rationality of man and profit maximization were capable by management. It uses the BCG matrix to allocate resources to its SBUs. Singapore airlines, Spiller foods and Google are firms that engaged in prescriptive approach, unforeseen environmental activities like Sept. 11 and the SARS virus affected the airline, the Spillers was acquired but the approach didn’t fail and Google had to switch to the emergent approach to battle fast growing changes in its industry. Emergent Approach: this approach is constantly active, continuously learning, adapting and adjusting to changes as they come along with the aim of gaining competitive advantage in its industry. It combines recent environmental analysis with available capacity, innovations and technology, to achieve its goal using trials of strategic options to controls changes in its business environment. The approach follows an incremental process reviewing the patterns of the organization and learning from combined experiences from many sources. Mintzberg et al. 1998, argues for emergent rather than planned strategic approach. This approach combines new ways of thinking with available resource and technology to innovate various designs which can be implemented to create competitive advantage. It seeks new market opportunities, experiment and develops market share and growth. The fast changing environment calls for faster updatable changes in strategic management, emergent approach proposes continual revisit to strategy, changing company objectives and enemies and adapting to present consumer needs using technology and innovations. Prescriptive Vs. Emergent There is no 100% emergent approach, there has to be a plan which the emergent approach is built on. The prescriptive approach is based on long term management, has a quick over view of the company making managers plan ahead, it plans ahead, allows for market leading, reduces risks and prepares for setbacks which allows the firm to react quickly to the changes it has planned for. While the Emergent approach is on short term bases, can be costly if failing strategies are always picked, has no fixed time length and definite plan, its ongoing until the need for change arises, not immediately useable by large capital intensive organizations or financial investments, and it’s still based on initial prescriptive approach. On the other hand, the emergent approach is flexible, quick to adapt to market changes, short termed so it can be easily modified, it’s not over dependent on environmental changes but market, uses innovation and technology, managers who uses this approach are quick thinking and create competitive advantage, it is quick and simple to revert when risks occurs, takes immediate actions, create room for market growth and development and finally the approach is not over dependent on its old strategies. While the prescriptive is rigid, uses old thinking, analysis rather than synthesis, the approach may create wrong strategies which are slow to revert, it has no short term plan, the anticipated environmental change are really not predictable, seeks to influence change rather than react to them and office politics may lead to wrong choice of strategic plan. The emergent dynamics has two approaches, nature and intensity of industry competition. The prescriptive uses the â€Å"3S† framework of dynamic development or the aggressive planning competitive strategic management approach. The prescriptive looks at the purpose of the business, the unstable environment, the moving market and the firm’s resources to plan ahead. The emergent seeks new competitive advantages, creates aggressive competing and cooperative strategies to move with change. The content of emergent is trials and experimentation to arrive at different strategic plans which are selected using past learning and technical innovations to gain competitive advantage in a turbulent market with optimal solution and continuity. Changes in the present situation of the market environment is its context, and it follows the process of identifying the problem, proposing strategic plans, picking a suitable plan which will be continued based of success or failure of the plan. The prescriptive involves planning for the future using available resources and analysis of the business environment to achieve corporate objectives. Its context is the firm’s internal resources (7s theory), micro (Porter’s 5 forces) and macro- economic environment.

Types of Psychological Disorders

Psychological disorders are set of mental illnesses that primarily cause distress to individuals’ hence, negatively affecting all spheres of their lives. These disorders are manifested by a set of behavioural or psychological symptoms exhibited by individuals under undue distress. In most cases, psychological disorders result from an alteration on an individual’s normal development process, caused by an interaction between genetic factors and environmental stressors.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Types of Psychological Disorders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the World Health Organisation and other Global Psychiatric organisations, there exist more than one hundred and fifty types of psychological disorders that fall into different classes that include: eating, somatoform, factitious, cognitive, learning, trauma, disruptive, psychotic, dissociative, psychiatric, schizophren ia, adjustment, anxiety, and ,impulse control disorders (World Health Organisation 24-42). As research studies show, as compared to other health problems, globally, psychological disorders are the most common form of body disorders that affect most individuals. For example, in the United States alone, more than 46% of individuals have been victims of a mental illness at one point of their lives; of these 26.2% adults of over eighteen years. Further, by 2005, the global mental illness actual lifetime prevalence was almost 85% (Kessler, Berglund, Demler, Jin, Merikangas, Walters 593-599). Therefore, considering the detrimental effects of psychological illness on every aspect of an individual’s life, it is important for individuals to seek quick intervention measures, once they experience any psychological distress. Types of psychological disorders Eating Disorders Majority of individuals with eating disorders are compulsively concerned with their body weights and sizes. Hence, these individuals will do anything at their disposal to make sure they maintain or reduce their body sizes to sizes they or the society perceives to be the most appropriate. The common types of eating disorders include bulimia nervosa, obesity, compulsive eating, anorexia nervosa, and binge eating. Individuals suffering from bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa are obsessively concerned with any weight they gain; hence, these individuals excessively control their eating habits, to avoid fattening. It is important for individuals to note that, sufferers of anorexia nervosa are the worst affected, because most of them are thin and exhibit signs of amenorrhea; hence, most of their weights are below the standard body weight.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to this obsession, most sufferers of these conditions may involve themselves in abnormal behaviours, for example, abuse of laxatives and anorectics, self-induced vomiting, binge-eating, starvation, avoidance of certain foods. Bulimia nervosa is common in more than 4.6% of women globally, whereas anorexia nervosa affects approximately 2% and 0.2% of women and men respectively. These psychological problems that may result due to continuous family conflicts between spouses, the need for self-identity, societal and media influences, or in some cases they can be learned behaviours. Unless controlled, these disorders can cause anaemia, malnutrition, and death (mostly in starvation cases). Contrary to bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa, obesity and compulsive eating sufferers are obsessed with eating. These individuals have poor eating habits; hence, they always find themselves consuming beyond recommendable quantities, which unless controlled can cause excessive accumulation of fats in the body. Such accumulations are detrimental to an individual’s wellbeing; as this may result in other complicati ons for example, type two diabetes, stroke, the heart, liver, and gallbladder complications. Therefore, because of the complex nature of health complications that may result from these disorders, it is important for individuals to seek treatment, which can be inform of mental health and cognitive behavioural therapy, or nutritional counselling (National Institute of Mental Health: NIMH 1). Dissociative Disorders Dissociative disorders are a class of disorders that affect the normal functioning of individuals’ consciousness and acuity of their immediate environments, because of trauma. These disorders may also affect an individual’s memory identity, which can be gradual or impulsive, temporary or persistent. Therefore, most sufferers of these disorders are faced with problems of coping with life’s challenges. Common types of dissociated disorders include depersonalisation disorder, depersonalisation NOS, dissociative fugue, recovered memories and false memory, ga nser, and cultural syndromes, and dissociative amnesia. Most suffers of Dissociative amnesia have a tendency of forgetting their personal information, whereas those suffering from dissociative fugue sometimes forget about their surrounding; hence in most cases their state of mind will be in an imagined world. In addition, Individuals suffering from the depersonalisation disorder will tend to assume their personalities hence, they will take an external observers’ personality and read their mental processes and characters.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Types of Psychological Disorders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The worst type of the dissociative disorders is the dissociative identity disorder, as most suffers of this condition have high suicidal tendencies. Primary treatment remedies to these disorders include psychotherapy and counselling, as most of these conditions need careful handling and proper understanding of a patient’s state of mind (Nijenhuis 7-17). Somatoform Disorders Somatoform disorders are a group of disorders that have symptoms that almost resemble those exhibited by individuals suffering from some form of physical diseases. However, unlike physical illnesses that has physical causes, this form of disorders lack physical causes. Symptoms associated with somatoform disorders are triggered by mental factors; hence, to diagnose these individuals, medical doctors must perform all required diagnostic tests. The most common types of somatoform disorders are conversion disorder (a severe condition caused by psychological problems, with no recognisable physical cause), undifferentiated somatoform disorder (conditions that illicit signs of some form of physical illness, which are non-existent in reality), and Hypochondriasis (a mental state characterised by fear of underlying diseases that do not exist). Other somatoform disorders include body dimorphic and somatoform NOS disorders. Common characteristics of these disorders include vomiting, body aches, and vision problems. To deal appropriately with this conditions, suffers have to undergo cognitive therapies and education trainings on how to cope up with the condition (Wise and Fava 1002-1003). Factitious Disorders Unlike in somatoform disorders where individuals exhibit signs of some non-existent physical illness, individuals suffering from fictitious disorders exhibit faked symptoms of physical illnesses for psychological contentment. Most of these patients can move from one healthcare centre to another in search of medical care, although in reality they are not sick. This condition can result because of an early traumatic or deprivation experience that individuals might have suffered during their early stages of life. Majority of these sufferers have higher likelihoods of becoming drug abusers, as most of them do not mind the risk of taking multiple medications. Common types of this disorder include malingering (a premeditated faked sickness), Munchausen syndrome (involves deliberately mentioning of a person when they fake sicknesses for consideration purposes), and Munchausen syndrome by proxy (a condition where individuals force their close family members or friends to fake illness for attention purposes). Due to the severe nature of consequences that may result from this disorder, it is important for sufferers to seek psychological help, which may include psychotherapy (for purposes of reforming the thinking way of the sufferer), family therapy (for warning purposes on the dangerous nature of these condition), and cognitive –behavioural therapy (for purposes of helping the suffers deal with the condition) (Taylor and Hyler 82-92).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cognitive Disorders Cognitive disorders are mental illnesses that impair the brain from performing its cognitive functions, which include memory processing, acuity, and problem solving. as research studies show, these from of disorder are the primary causes of other complications, for example, dementia, delirium, phobias, anxiety stress, and other anxiety disorders. In extreme cases, these disorders can cause other complex medical problems, for example, growth of malignant tumours, kidney problems, and schizophrenia. Main types of cognitive disorders include Huntington’s disease (a condition that is caused by the wearing out of the brain cells), mental retardation, Parkinson’s disease (a brain nerve anomaly that results in problems of muscle movement), and Amnestic disorder (a medical condition characterised by memorising problems). Because of the complex nature of medical complications associate with this condition, it is important fro caretakers and families to offer this individuals the kind of help they need, as most of these individuals are prone to many health complications (Long 1). Anxiety Disorders As research studies show, approximately 18% of United States adults have been victims of anxiety disorders once in their lifetime. These are a form of mental illnesses that are primarily characterised by too much fear, worry, and nervousness. Due to heightened anxiety, most sufferers of this disorder may have heart palpitations, sweat excessively, feel dizzy, have chest pains, and experience heart problems. As research studies show, this is a condition that be caused by the hypersensitivity of the locus or effects of a stressful childhood experience. There exist three common types of anxiety disorders namely phobias (characterised by intense fear of occurrences such as death, failing in a test, certain animals, suffocation, and addressing a multitude) and post traumatic stress disorder (mostly caused by a traumatic event; hence, characterised by traumatic dreams, hyper vigilance, lack of self control in some traumatic occurrences). Another common type is the Obsessive compulsive disorder (characterised by intrusive thoughts and recurrent longings to perform certain events). This condition can be caused by caudate nucleus malfunction or an early stressful experience. The primary treatment of these disorders is avoiding of stressful environment, which should be accompanied with psychological counselling and guidance (Long 1). Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is one of the most dangerous mental conditions, because the disorder can seriously affect the thinking process and emotional alertness of individuals. Its primary characteristics include auditory phantasms (accounts for 66% of schizophrenic cases), bizarre delusions (accounts for 44% of schizophrenic cases), and speech and thinking problems (accounts for 65% of all schizophrenic cases). Of all the mental illnesses, this is the most common mental illness that affects most in dividuals. This condition affects approximately forty million individuals globally, and d in most cases unless well diagnosed, it is very hard to give it the desired treatment remedy. As research studies show, approximately 50% of individuals with schizophrenia cases remain untreated, as individuals never discover that they are schizophrenic. The most common subtypes of schizophrenia include the paranoid, disorganised, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual type. To treat this illness completely, individuals have to go through an electroconvulsive therapy or numerous sessions of occupational psychotherapies, or they can use some medication to control the disease (NIMH 1). Learning Disorders Learning disorders are mental illnesses that affect the knowledge comprehending capacity of individuals, or their ability to correctly apply spoken or written language, or the capacity to control and coordinate movements in an appropriate manner. The most common types of leaning disorders incl ude attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (a condition characterised by lack of concentration), Dyscalculia (inability to solve mathematical problems), and dyslexia (reading problems). Primary remedies to these illnesses include speech and language, and psychological therapies, which should be accompanied with some medications (Schulte 598-608). In conclusion, considering the fact that, mental disorders are causes by either genetic anomalies or agents in the environment, individuals should reduce stressors in their environments, and in case they suspect an individual is suffering from a mental illness, it is important to help such individuals seek early medical intervention. Works Cited Kessler, Ronald, Berglund, Patricia, Demler, Olga, Jin, Robert, Merikangas, Kathleen and Walters, Ellen. Lifetime prevalence and age of onset distributions of DSM_IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey republication. Arch General Psychiatry, 62.6. (2005): 593-602. Web.. http://www. ph.ucla.edu/epi/faculty/detels/PH150/Kessler_DSMIV_AGP2009.pdf Long, Philip. Cognitive disorders. Internet Mental Health. 2009. Web.. http://www.mentalhealth.com/p20-grp.html National Institute of Mental Health. Eating disorders. NIMH. 2010. Web. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/eating-disorders/complete-index.shtml National Institute of Mental Health. Schizophrenia. NIMH. 2010. Web.. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml Nijenhuis, Ellert. Somatoform dissociation. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 1.4 (2000): 7-32. Web.. http://www.enijenhuis.nl/articles/Nijenhuis_somatoformdiss.pdf Schulte, Ann. Learning disorders. 2010. Web.. http://www.acnp.org/Docs/G5/CH44_597-612.pdf Taylor, Stuart, and Hyler, Steven. Update on factitious disorders. International Journal  of Psychiatry, 23.1 (1993): 81-94. Print. Wise, Thomas, and Fava, Giovanni. Issues fro DSM-V: psychological factors affecting either Identified or feared medical conditions: a solu tion to somatoform disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164 (2007): 1002-1003. Print. World Health Organisation. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. 1993. Web.. http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf This research paper on Types of Psychological Disorders was written and submitted by user Sandman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

About Complex Sentences With This ESL Worksheet

About Complex Sentences With This ESL Worksheet Complex sentences are made up of two clauses- an independent clause and a dependent clause. Independent clauses are similar to simple sentences. They can stand alone and function as a sentence: We didnt pass the test.  Angela won the competition. Dependent clauses, however, need to be used together with an independent clause. Here are some dependent clauses with independent clauses. Notice how they seem incomplete: Although he is ready.When it is done.   Independent clauses are combined with dependent clauses to make sense.   Well go to the bank because we need some money.  As soon as we land, Ill give you a call.   Notice that dependent clauses can come first. In this case, we use a comma.   Before she comes, well eat some lunch.Because hes late for work, he took a taxi.   Writing Complex Sentences Using Subordinating Conjunctions Complex sentences are written by using subordinating conjunctions to connect the two clauses. Showing Opposition or Unexpected Results Use these three subordinating conjunctions to show that there is a pro and con  or to contrast statements. although / even though / though Although I felt he was wrong, I decided to trust him.Sharon started looking for a new job even though she was currently employed.Though I couldnt understand a word, we had a great time! Showing Cause and Effect To give reasons use these conjunctions that keep the same meaning. because / since / as Since you need some help, Ill come over this afternoon.Henry felt he needed to take some time off because he had been working so hard.The parents paid for extra lessons as the children were very gifted. Expressing Time There are a number of subordinating conjunctions that express time. Note that the simple tense (present simple or past simple) is generally used in dependent clauses beginning with time subordinators.   when / as soon as / before / after / by By the time you get this letter, I will have left for New York.I used to play a lot of tennis when I was a teenager.We had a wonderful dinner after she had arrived. Expressing Conditions Use these subordinators to express that something depends on a condition. if / unless / in the case that If I were you, I would take my time with that project.They wont come next week unless you ask them to do so.In the case that he isnt available, well look for another consultant. Complex Sentence Worksheets Provide a fitting subordinator to fill the gaps in these sentences.   Im going to the bank _______ I need some money.I made lunch _________ I got home.________ its raining, shes going for a walk in the park.  ________ she finishes her homework soon, she will fail the class.He decided to trust Tim ______ he was an honest man._______ we went to school, she decided to investigate the situation.Jennifer decided to leave Tom _______ he was too worried about his job.Dennis bought a new jacket __________ he had received one as a gift last week.Brandley claims that there will be trouble _____ he doesnt complete the job.Janice will have finished the report ____ the time you receive the letter. Answers because / since / asafter / when / as soon as  although / even though / thoughunlessbecause / since / asbefore / when  because / since / asalthough / even though / thoughif / in the case thatby   Use subordinating conjunctions (though, if, when, because, etc.) to connect the sentences into one complex sentence. Henry needs to learn English. I will teach him.It was raining outside. We went for a walk.Jenny needs to ask me. I will buy it for her.Yvonne played golf extremely well. She was very young.Franklin wants to get a new job. He is preparing for job interviews.Im writing a letter, and Im leaving. You will find it tomorrow.Marvin thinks he will buy the house. He just wants to know what his wife thinks.Cindy and David had breakfast. They left for work.I really enjoyed the concert. The music was too loud.Alexander has been working sixty hours a week. There is an important presentation next week.I usually work out at the gym early in the morning. I leave for work at eight a.m.The car was extremely expensive. Bob didnt have much money. He bought the car.Dean sometimes goes to the cinema. He enjoys going with his friend Doug. Doug visits once a month.I prefer to watch TV by streaming over the internet. It allows me to watch what I want when I want.Sometimes it happens that we have a lot of rai n. I put the chairs on the patio in the garage when we have rain. There are other variations that are possible than those provided in the answers.  Ask your teacher for other ways  to connect these to write complex sentences. As Henry needs to learn English, I will teach him.We went for a walk even though it was raining.If Jenny asks me, I will buy it for her.Yvonne played golf extremely well when she was young.Because Franklin wants to get a new job, he is preparing for job interviews.Im writing you this letter which you will find after I leave.  Unless his wife doesnt like the house, Marvin will buy it.After Cindy and David had eaten breakfast, they left for work.I really enjoyed the concert although the music was too loud.As Alexander has an important presentation next week, he has been working sixty hours a week.I usually work out at the gym before I leave for work at eight.Though Bob didnt have much money, he bought the extremely expensive car.If Doug visits, they go to the cinema.Since it allows me to watch what I want when I want, I prefer to watch TV by streaming over the internet.If it rains a lot, I put the chairs on the patio in the garage.

Overcoming Writer’s Block by Bryan Hutchinson

Overcoming Writer’s Block by Bryan Hutchinson Overcoming Writer’s Block: An Interview with Bryan Hutchinson We often like to say that writing the book is the hard part. Sometimes, though, it can get really hard. Writer’s block is an ever-present subject in writing forums and communities, and most writers are faced with it at some point in their careers.There are no simple tricks and techniques for overcoming writer’s block that work for everyone, contrarily to what the myriad of blog posts on this subject would lead you to believe. It is, however, almost always linked to self-doubt (or to an underlying block), and that is something everyone (not just writers) can work on.For this, we decided to cut through all the noise out there around this subject and bring a true expert to the Reedsy blog: Bryan Hutchinson is the author of Writer’s Doubt and the founder of Positive Writer, one of the most acclaimed blogs about writing out there. What’s good about him is that he is, indeed, positive. And self-doubt has little grip on a positive person. Self-doubt affects everyone in every aspect of their lives. I’ve heard from people in a lot of different fields who have read my book â€Å"Writer’s Doubt† and found it extremely helpful and they’re surprised because it is supposed to be for writers. The reality is we all deal with doubt and I just happened to write about it in the context of writing, but anyone reading the book can apply it to the context of their lives and their work.Follow Bryan Hutchinson and Reedsy on Twitter: @Adderworld and @ReedsyHQHave you ever been faced with writer's block? How do you usually deal with it (over here at Reedsy, we just go for a walk)? Leave us your experiences and tips, or any question for Bryan, in the comments below!

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 22

Reflection Paper - Essay Example It also gives me an idea of the consequences on my goals of the decisions I make. In a way, the process helps us to become mature because it the process teaches us to become responsible in our choices and decisions. Above all, the process enhances our chance to become successful in our undertakings as it seeks to articulate our objectives and measure our performance accordingly allowing us to apply remedial measures for our shortcomings. My mission statement is a reflection of my goals as well as my values and the realistic talents that I have to realize those goals and objectives. My goals are aligned to my values and I believe that this is necessary so that I would persevere to achieve my goals. Having a goal that does not reflect my values would make me less motivated to push myself and more likely, such goal/s will not be achieved. Most of the time, goals are lofty and difficult to achieve. But they are really made that way to be lofty so even if we do not achieve them in full, we still made good with ourselves. My personal statement is basically an articulation of my values as expressed in my goals and objectives. It states who and what I am through the intention of the things that I intend to do and accomplish. Of course I would like to be successful in my personal career, take care of my future family and contribute to the greater good of society. In the process, I also would like my family to be proud of me. I also would like my parents to have the satisfaction that their sacrifices for me were all worth it. In a personal level, I also would like to enjoy the process of learning and improvement. Learning after all is not just to get grades but also to understand the world around me. It is also to develop new skills so that I will be better equip to face the world when I become a professional. I also would like to get use to the idea that I am achieving the goals that I have set for

America as Bottom Up Country Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

America as Bottom Up Country - Essay Example This is the line taken in Howard Fineman's "The Thirteen American Arguments". But to what extent is the United States of the 21st century really a bottom-up society, and does the Internet really enhance the powers of the ordinary person To answer these questions, we must first identify the ways in which government impinges on the citizen, and vice-versa. In a representative democracy the powers of the government, once it is elected, can be surprisingly draconian, and they are certainly very great. They always include the power to incarcerate citizens, and in some cases to kill them. There is obviously considerable variation between governments such as that of France, where the President can exercise almost monarchical powers in some situations, and governments such as that of Switzerland, where power is mainly decentralised to the Cantons and can be diluted by citizens calling for a referendum. The constitution of the United States probably places it about three quarters of the way between the centralist authoritarian extreme and the decentralist pluralist extreme. In other words, America is far closer to Switzerland than to France. This is hardly surprising, as the Founding Fathers in Philadelphia set out to devise a constitution that was full of checks and balances. The main ones are the separation of powers between Federal govern ment institutions, namely Congress, President and Supreme Court, and the sharing of powers between the Federal and State authorities. The theory seems clear, but the practice has often been murky. Although Lincoln is to be applauded for taking up arms to free the slaves, the Union armies effectively crushed the southern states for attempting to pursue an independent line. And governments down the ages have imposed swathes of regulations on their citizens, some of which compel people to do things, others of which forbid them from doing things. These regulations reach into every facet of our lives, ranging from speed limits to compulsory school attendance. Furthermore, the system of taxes and government spending in the United States, as elsewhere, has created an increasing transfer of effective decision-making power from the people to the government. In most Western countries, governments now tax and spend around 35-45% of their national income. In the case of America, the figure is around 36%, of which about half is spent by the Federal government and the rest by State and local governments. This means that ordinary people are losing more than one third of all the economic resources they create. And more than one third of the vast American economy is at the disposal of government officials, rather than being available to spend according to the preferences of individual citizens. The power to decide the allocation of economic resources is one of the most important ways in which people can shape their own lives and the society they live in. The era of big government programs which arrived with President Roosevelt's admirable New Deal in response to the Great Depression, is alive and kicking. It has suffered some set-backs, most notably during President Reagan's time, but with the fiscal deficit ballooning under President Bush in the past few years, and with President Obama promising a raft of fiscal stimulus measures to kick-start the ailing economy, Big Government is certainly far from finished. So what powers do ordinary people have over the government Well, of course, they have the

Personal and professional development Essay Example for Free

Personal and professional development Essay In essence, a team may be defined as two or more people who co-operate together with a common aim. A Team focuses towards common goals and clear purpose (park, 1990). The purpose of this report is to reflect on my experience on working in groups, effectiveness of group work, presentation skills, and reflect on the presentation skills. Effectiveness of the group work: The most popular and common model which explains the effectiveness of the team work is Tuckman (1965) the five stages group development model. According to Tuckman (1965) there are five stages of group development and these stages include: forming, storming, norming, preforming, and adjourning. The first stage of group development is forming stage, under this stage the team members are selected, and get to know each other, objectives are well defined, and tasks are identified. Group members try to identify a group leader and the other roles, and they try to find out what behaviors are acceptable to work in group. The second stage of group development is storming, this stage often characterized as conflict stage, where member tends to disagree on leadership, objectives and the rules. In addition, some members may feel dissatisfied with his or her group. The third stage of group development is norming, at this stage the group manages to have one objective goal and come to a common plan for the team. Some may have to give up their own ideas and agree with others to make the team function. In this stage, all team members take the responsibility and have the ambition to work for the success of the teams objective goals. The fourth stage of group development is preforming, at this stage team members performed at the best of their abilities, and the project will be completed effectively and all the problems will be resolved at this stage. The last stage of group development is adjourning, at this stage the members will be happy due to team achievements of their group at the same time they might feel sad because they will be losing close friends when the project comes to the end. Belbin (1981) has researched and analysed effective group performance and recommends a new team model of nine different roles. These roles include: the coordinator, the shaper, the implementor, the monitor evaluator, the plant, the resource investigator, the team worker, the completer and the specialist. The coordinator is a person who has skills to organize, harmonize and control the team very well. The shaper is a person who makes things happens and encourages the team to action. The implemantor is the person who is hard working who like clear objectives and directions. The monitor evaluator is a person who solves the problems and evaluates the suggestions and the ideas. The planet is innovator, creator and inventor. The resource investigators are likeable, enthusiastic, creative and innovative, excelling under pressure through the improvisation. The team workers are the ones who improve the communications between the team members and foster team spirit. The completer is the person who Have all the necessary or appropriate parts and ensures about the targets and deadlines. The specialist contributes technical skills and he is self-motivated, committed and professional in his tasks. Belbin (1981) claims that if the team is incomplete in a team role, or has too many of the same types of role, it would be less effective team. Reflection on Group Work: To some extent our team follows Tuckman (1965) five stage of development but we removed the second stage which is storming. The team consists of four people and we are all friends we know each other’s from the beginning of the semester. . The purpose of the team is to write a report on Melaka trip. We divided the task each member is given a particular task and team leader assume the overall supervision role. These tasks include conducting interview, taking picture, and managing. Each member adopts different team roles based on our skills so as to ensure effectiveness of our team work. For instance, I assume the role of the monitor evaluator and specialist. I have technical skills of taking picture and also am good in analyzing problems and providing good suggestions. Indeed, our team managed to succeed because of our strong relationship, Since member are familiar to each other, the atmosphere was joyful, we were very happy to work together as team, we trust each other and we had achieved an excellent work together. Presentation Skills: According to Carlile and Hensley ( 2005) effective presentation includes planning and writing the presentation, effective use of visual benefits, overcoming nervousness, confidence in delivering and competent answering questions. For instance, presenter needs to understand the aim and purpose of the presentation that he or she will present, prepare well in advance, master the content and research on the audience in order to tailor the content to meet the expectation and understanding of the listeners. Moreover, Students who have a good foundation in literacy skills, with reading, writing and oral communication skills have bigger opportunities to experience the success as active fellow of society. Equally students, who have limited literacy skills, will find it difficult to make successful move from high school, to university. In addition, the success of leadership, teamwork and work place depends on communication skills (New London Group, 1996). Reflection on presentation skills: Before the presentation I was worried about what I well do and how I will speak but after I done my presentation I relaxed because I did a great job the tutor comments was good. Therefore, I have learnt many lessons from individual and group presentations and the tutor feedback that i will try to follow in my next presentations. Now am aware that oral communications skill is a way for successful life after university. I have weakness regarding to my presentation skills, and my weaknesses are: nervousness and weak preparation. Therefore, in order to succeed in presentations I will work harder in my future presentations and try to master the presentations skills. Conclusion: To sum up, I have learned many lessons during this semester and, this group and individual work that I have done so far. I have also learnt many skills and these include social skills, presentation skills, interpersonal skills and spirit of working together as team for mutual goals. Moreover, I have learnt how to communicate and work effectively with people even if I disagree with their ideas.

Analysis of Baxters Gryphon Essay -- Charles Baxter

In â€Å"Gryphon† by Charles Baxter, a class of fourth grade students gets a substitute teacher. She is very eccentric but knowledgeable and tells the whole class a lot of myths and facts. It is up to the class to decide what is true or not. In â€Å"Gryphon,† Miss Ferenczi specifically calls her wronged math answer a â€Å"substitute fact† but also tells the class many other things and myths that are true. For example, she tells the class a great deal about Egypt and that â€Å"features of the Constitution of the United States are notable for their Egyptian ideas.† (145) Her whole lecture was complete fact about Egypt, a country she had a passion for. However, it left the kids wondering if what she said was false, for she misled them earlier that day. Although the kids argued about her, this leaves the grea...

Quantum Software Case Study Essay

Quantum Software is a fairly new organization â€Å"No ties, no suits coats, first name only† that was founded by Stan Albright and Erin Barber. The company develops computer software specifically oriented to the needs of independent oil businesses. They’ve had a lot of success over the past 3years and are growing fairly fast. Quantum has gained over 200 employees and has made about 95 million dollars in sales. Currently, Employees at Quantum Software work 16 hour days 6 days a week. In order to keep the morel and sprit up, Quantum recognizes that their employees have been working extra hard and they want to compensate them by having a weekly â€Å"Beer Bust† party. Bill Carter, the corporate attorney, doesn’t agree with the â€Å"beer bust† idea. Instead he believes that serving alcohol at a company’s sponsor party can be a big liability to Quantum. A â€Å"beer bust† sounds fun and relaxing. However Bill Carter makes a good point, serving alcohol at a company’s sponsor party can be a huge liability on the company’s future. Recently an employee by the name of John Hooker lost his balance and fell on the snack table during one of the â€Å"beer bust† events. Luckily John didn’t get hurt. When having these types of events the company cannot guarantee that a person like John will not over drink and possibly drive home drunk and cause a serious accident. These are all things that Quantum needs to take into consideration. Accidents happen all the time and Quantum needs be aware that these â€Å"beer bust† can be a great liability to the company. I can understand that Quantum wants to reward their employees for their hard work. Working long days 6 days a week can get over whelming. What Quantum needs to do is analyze the situation. The company is growing really fast and they need more people. Hiring more programmers can help balance their work load making 8 hour days 5 days a week possible. I don’t think that having a weekly â€Å"beer bust† is a permanent solution. It is obvious that employees at Quantum like to be recognized for their accomplishments and hard work however in the beginning of the case study is it mention the most of the employees drop in to â€Å"unwind† to these â€Å" beer bust† events. Most, meaning that not everyone who works at Quantum shows up or participates in these† beer bust† parties. What I would recommend quantum to do at this point is to pass out an employee surveys and ask their employees what they want or prefer. Some employees might not like the type of environment and rather spend their free time doing something else. Others might like the idea of working fewer hours and having weekends off as a reward. An employee survey can actually help the company out by providing feedback and letting the company know what they like and dislike. The â€Å"beer bust† events have been going on for a while and have become a sort of a company’s tradition. I’m not saying to eliminate the whole â€Å"beer bust† events. The â€Å"beer bust† parties can be a great way to socialize, relax and unwind. Having social events like these can help co workers become closer and share ideas and knowledge which can be beneficial to the company. If Quantum decides to continued the â€Å"beer bust â€Å"parties, what needs to be done is that they need to need to get with Bill carter, the corporate attorney and come up ways to handle a situation if it occurs. Limiting the number of beers a person can have at each event can help by not over drinking or by providing some sort of transportation such as bus or taxi to take employees back home after a â€Å"beer bust† event. These are rules that can be implemented by the company in order to not only save Quantum from a future law suit but also to save a life. The fact that both Eric and Stan are not really listening to Bill’s concerns can and will affect the company’s future. Bill is the corporate attorney and he knows the law. I would recommend bill to talk to both Eric and Stan another day. Eric and Stan are in a relax mode at this point probably had a few drinks or two and might not think that what Bill has to say is quite as important as it really is. Scheduling a meeting with both Eric and Stan and going over what can happen if they don’t start implanting rules.

Government play important role in industry

The word industry broadly refers to any form of economic activity. Most countries in this world, they have their own industries Just in different types. There are four types of industries such as primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary industries. Moreover, in order to develop economic in each countries, the government in those countries play an important role in deciding on the types of industries suitable for its economy, their location and the growth of these industries.First, the government have to think about the types of industries in their country because it depends on their physical factors. For example, Cambodia country, its lands are good for agriculture, so the government try to encourage people to do more on this type of industry. As we can know that Cambodia good at growing crops, it means that we can export our production to other countries to develop our economic well. One more thing is that, there are many tourism site in here, so the government try to advertise a nd protect about those places to get more tourist to visit.It means that we can also get benefit from this industry as well. Moreover, for other countries, theirs lands are not quite well about agriculture, but they have natural resources, so they focus more on how to use their natural resources usefully into their Industry. Second, about the location of each industries, there are many points to think about such as energy, raw material, and human resource. Before all industries should be built. For energy, it refers to the power needed to run machines such as computers, equipment for operation, lighting, and so on, so If that location has no electricity, how can those industries work.Furthermore, about law material, If the industries are far from the raw material resources, the owner of those Industries have to spend much money to Import them from somewhere and It takes long time to transport them to the industry. In addition, an Industry needs many workers so by locating close to a resource employment Is made easier. Third, the government also the one who helps the growth of Industries. This point Is mainly focused In the assistance of government over the Incentives for the Industries with taxation, peaceful country,and strict law of commerce.By taxation, the governments should not take much tax from the Investors that come to do business In their country, Just take maybe 20 to 30 percent from the original price. Plus, the government have to make sure that their country are peace by having no war or any problems, so Investors will come to their countries more and more because they will feel secure whenever they come. Last, the overspent have to set the strict law of commerce. When the government can do that, they can make the Investors feel reliable In those government by having no cheating on others.In short, all Industries are the mall part In helping to develop economic In every countries. That's why the government have to stand up to update their Industri es by thinking of types of Industries, location as well as the growth of Industries In order to run the economic smoothly. They focus more on how to use their natural resources usefully into their industry. Equipment for operation, lighting, and so on, so if that location has no electricity, how from the raw material resources, the owner of those industries have to spend much money to import them from somewhere and it takes long time to transport them to the industry.In addition, an industry needs many workers so by locating close to a resource employment is made easier. Helps the growth of industries. This point is mainly focused in the assistance of government over the incentives for the industries with taxation, peaceful country,and he investors that come to do business in their country, Just take maybe 20 to 30 country are peace by having no war or any problems, so investors will come to their that, they can make the investors feel reliable in those government by having no In sh ort, all industries are the main part in helping to develop economic in every countries.That's why the government have to stand up to update their industries by thinking of types of industries, location as well as the growth of industries in order to run the economic smoothly.

Hatshepsuts Building program essays

Hatshepsut's Building program essays Hatshepsut stands out as one of the great monarchs of Egypt. Although no wars or conquests are recorded in her reign, her triumphs were as great as those of the warrior-kings of Egypt, but they were triumphs of peace and prosperity, not war. . When King Hatshepsut rose to power she embarked, at once upon an ambitious and yet audacious program of public works, restoring monuments of past pharaohs and establishing new temples for the glory of the gods. Beneficially the repercussions of this policy were felt up and down the Nile, but it is the monumental achievements in and around Thebes and in some cases externally that her reign is best remembered.2 Such a program was of significant importance for Egypt just as it exited its unbalanced state of turmoil. However this feat was not attained in such a magnitude alone. She had multiple influential characters at her disposal that aided her in this almost unprecedented acquisition, for example the well-known and questionably devious Senenmut . In about 1630 BC, a group of mixed Asia tics called the Hyksos (rulers of foreign lands) seized power and ruled Egypt as Pharaohs. The Hyksos introduced numerous new, innovative weapons fortification techniques into Egypt. Under the Hyksos rulers Seqeneenre and Kamose the Thebans began a revolt that spread until, in about 1521, Avaris (Hyksos major city) fell to his successor, Ahmose, founder of the 18th Dynasty, with it the destruction of many significant Egyptian buildings. This was the beginning of The New Kingdom, characterized by god like pharaohs who left immense temples and fortresses that still stand today. Hatshepsut reined Egypt for over 20 years during that time the country continued to prosper under her direction, her architects and masons built a huge number of buildings. She also restored many buildings that were damaged by the invading Hyksos kings. In the deserts of middle Egypt located approximately one mile south-east of Benni Ha...

Essay on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Essay on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Sir Gawain and the Green Knight essay: This essay discusses in depth the personality of Sir Gawain as depicted by the author Marie Borroff in her book ‘Sir Gawain and the Green Knight’. By elucidating the outstanding traits of Sir Gawain, we shall show how rightly he has been claimed as the protagonist of the story, and how prominent qualities in his character make him so distinguishing from the rest of contemporary knights of King Arthur’s round table. Sir Gawain After a close study of the book ‘Sir Gawain and the Green Knight’ the traits of Sir Gawain as mentioned in the ensuing paragraphs make him the most prominent of all the knights in the Camelot of King Arthur. Faith in God and Religious Devotion The theme of religion can be well drawn from words of Gawain about his encounters depicting him as a religious man, a religious man who puts his faith in God’s care and acknowledges that he is protected. The words of the knight are filled with vigor in respect to the fate ahead of him. The fact was that the blow dealt to the green knight would be reciprocated to the participant in the game. Gawain struck the knights head off, and this was the fate he was entitled to face though with an assurance of regeneration after certain duration and this was a source of motivation for Gawain’s action. Chivalry Loyalty Gawain is a knight; he is expected to protect the king from all harm regardless of the situation. The king endangers his life by accepting to participate in a dangerous game. Sir Gawain steps up to protect the king as expected. This is the theme of chivalry used in the poem to ensure relational poetry. In the Lords castle, Gawain refuses temptations from the Host’s wife. This shows Gawain is a man of honor and respects His Lords hospitality. Accepting such advances would discredit his honor and disrespect his host. The Chivalry theme is conflicted when Gawain finds himself in a dilemma. The advances from the Lady of the house and respect for the Lord put him in a difficult position. Being a knight of the round table, ideals of chivalry are upheld with the brothers of the round table offering to share it on the burden carried by Gawain. Chivalry refers to the individuals actions in relation to the societal acceptable behavior. The knight behaves according to his expectation ensuring a balance in responsibility and expectations in the community. The theme ensures continuity in the poem, and understanding of the hierarchical relationship issues in the society. Thus the occasions on which Sir Gawain has been shown to display his loyalty and chivalry were the moments when King Arthur had accepted the challenge of the Green Knight all by himself and was about to pick the ax to behead the Green Knight when suddenly Sir Gawain leapt to replace his master and took the challenge himself. He displayed tremendous loyalty in sacrificing his life just to save the King Arthur who was also Gawain’s Uncle in blood relation. Keeping Promises Gawain has been depicted as a man of words, a person who always kept his promises. Gawain fulfilled the promise which he made with the Green Knight when the former beheaded the latter with ax. Another instance proving Gawain to be a man of words is that he responded truthfully to his host by then known to him only by the name Bertilak, the lord of the castle where he stayed. He had made promise with his host to return to him what he gets each day, so he gave him the number of kisses in return, which the wife of Bertilak gave to Gawain each day. Chastity Integrity Gawain is essentially an honorable knight who always followed the path of truth not fearing for the consequences. The fact that Gawain did not respond to the sexual and seductive attempts on him from the wife of his host proves that he cared much for his honor and is not essentially a man of lose character. When once he made a mistake by accepting the green silk girdle from his hostess as a token of magical power to avert death, he felt guilty of committing such a low act that was not worthy of a religious and honorable man. Then he tied the green silk girdle around his arm so as to display his courage of convictions and his guts to admit his own fault. Profound Insight into the Realities of Life Sir Gawain has been depicted in the book as a knight who has much insight into the hard facts of life. He knows deeply how the varying circumstances in man’s life may affect his temperament and mood. So he believes that one must not continue to delve in the present situation though it could be at the height of joy, ecstasy or merriment. He knows that there is other side of the picture which is associated with adversaries. Gawain displays this insight when during the most rejoicing moments in the court of King Arthur on the occasion of New Year’s Eve while all are busy enjoying the feast, it is states in words quote: Gawain was glad to begin those games in hall, But if the end be harsher, hold it no wonder, For though men are merry in mind after much drink, A year passes apace, and proves ever new: First things and final conform but seldom. (495–499) And it happened as it was perceived in the above passage. Exactly a year after Gawain had to set out in search of the Green Chapel facing a lot of hardships and adversaries on the way and during the most hazardous journey. He was consumed with serious thoughts and surrounded all over by worries and about his fate prophesized by the Green Knight one year before when Gawain chopped off his head with ax. CONCLUSION It is said very rightly that both virtues and evils speak for themselves. A man with good nature and divinely qualities will exhibit actions that are virtuous and honest, while a person afflicted with evil elements will exhibit actions that are wicked and nasty. Same is the case with Sir Gawain who is essentially a man of divinely attributes as depicted in the book Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. And thus Sir Gawain always acted in the right direction and followed the path of integrity, loyalty, truthfulness, faith in God and Chivalry. At you can easily buy essays from experts on this topic. All custom essays are written by certified academic writers. Non-plagiarized essays with timely delivery.

Human Nature and Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Nature and Psychology - Essay Example Naturally, human beings are ever considered as the source of norm of conduct or the creatures that define their ways of life and resenting constrains and obstacles of leading or living a virtuous life. Human nature has been evolving since time in memorial. Each historic era is usually defined by distinct characteristic of human nature as well as the psychological concepts. However, since the human generation moves from one era to another, they tend to shade off some defining human characteristic of a given era while moving to other era. Nonetheless, some of the characteristics are carried into the new era. Therefore, the nineteenth century and twentieth century are defined by some similarity and differences in the conceptions of human nature and psychology. Similarities and Differences The end of the nineteenth century was marked with numerous developments that led to rejection of Victorian principles. The Victorian age was marked by shift an agricultural society to an industrial soc iety. The period was as well defined by the decline in traditional religious beliefs and adoption of moral aesthetic. However, they retained the literature values maintaining that the literature would enable them understand and perfectly adapt to the newly founded society (Jeeves, 2006). It means both the nineteenth and twentieth centuries had same literature but remarkable, different economic activities and religious beliefs (Gopal, 2008). Some novelists defined the subsequent change in a society that marked the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century as a breaking down social structure. They intensively talked about social mares and expressed their topic on realism. According to Darwin, human is an animal creature that is conditioned by influences that are beyond his or her control; thus, human being is devoid of free, moral choice or will. In other words, human is a creature that usually shaped by external factors such as environment, hereditary, and immedia te circumstances pressure. Considering Darwin’s view, though there was a change in both industrial and social life of human nature they both shared some characteristics (Stevenson, 2007). Putting Lewontin work in perspective, as a population geneticist of the nineteenth century, he argued that human species are highly varied in their genes than within racial population. He further noted that racial identity features that include hair, color of the eye, and skin color are more aligned to adaptation that is clearly defined by geographical conditions among other factors (Gopal, 2008). This nineteenth century psychological reasoning overlaid the basic genetics of commonality among the human species. In relation to genetics and human commonality, the psychologists of the twentieth century did not argue much but rather used more sophisticated machine to examine and understand human genes. The contributions of Lewontin limited the applicability of Jensen’s IQ testing between different races. Jansen used conversational racial groups to compare the IQ scores to come to the proof of genetic difference between racial groups (Jeeves, 2006). However, Lewontin dismissed the claims that the consistent difference in genetics lies in the differences in the brain within races. He added that if Jensen could not provide any further evidence, then IQ also was also influenced different physical environment or social.

Education MIS in the East African Countries - Case of Tanzania Dissertation

Education MIS in the East African Countries - Case of Tanzania - Dissertation Example EDUCATION MIS IN EAST AFRICAN COUNTRIES – CASE OF TANZANIA Name: Institution: Course: Tutor: Date: TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 1.1. ... †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..44 REFERENCE LIST†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...45 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The education sector of Tanzania has historically faced a number of challenges, including the lack of basic infrastructure like electricity at local schools, but also the in-availability of national funding. The creation of the MIS model will serve the purposes of empowering decision makers and the creation of capacity to deliver better education services across the sector. In the area of requirements analysis, the creation of the specification for the MIS model was executed through incorporation of national and international standards of education, regarding the needs of the users of the Tanzanian education sector. Communication with the users w as executed through interviews, as this model offered unbiased information on the viewpoints of the user population. Feedback surveys were also helpful towards reaching the desired information base, as collected from social networking and other ICT-related data sites. Areas of constraints included the vague knowledge of the specifications desired by the user population, the unreasonable timelines of the end-users, and the communication gap between implementation teams and the end-user population. The rationales for the choices made were based on rationale capture and rationale representation, which were verified using argument-based choices. The software requirements specification was designed to emphasize on and foster the usage of management information systems throughout the creation, processing and consumption of information. Performance indicators revolved around the service delivery of service personnel to the documentation of students, and offering a

Berlin Wall Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Berlin Wall - Research Paper Example After the Second World War, Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union established an informal union of states which would be known later as the Eastern bloc, with Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia as its allies (Wettig, 2008).   It was a grouping of nations which he planned to maintain together with the Soviet-controlled portion of Germany.   His plans were to compromise the power of the UK over its portion and when the US would later withdraw, he then wanted to push forward with his plants to create a united communist Germany (Wettig, 2008).   In order to funnel Soviet communist ideals to Germany, Marxism-Leninism became a standard part of the German school curriculum and this prompted many students, as well as scholars to defect to the West (Wettig, 2008).   East Germany was however under close monitoring by the German police as well as the Soviet secret police, also known as the SMERSH (Wettig, 2008).   This made defection difficult, but not impossible for thousands of East Ge rmans.     With disagreements regarding the introduction of new German currency, Stalin implemented the Berlin blockade which prevented the entry of food and other supplies from the Western occupied blocs (Pearson, 1988).   The Western bloc countries then airlifted some supplied into West Berlin.   The Soviets launched their public relations campaign against the Western bloc protesting the policy changes of the Western countries (Pearson, 1988).   As 300,000 Berliners protested against Stalin’s actions in stopping the airlifts.

Analysis Of The God Delusion Debate

Analysis Of The God Delusion Debate For The God Delusion Debate, Gayathiri and Sandra chose to listen to Dr John Lennox because the two of us personally believe there is a God while Len Jin and Jerome chose to listen to Professor Richard Dawkins because the points brought forth by Dawkins has more relevance to them personally. There were 6 main thesis that was being debated between Lennox and Dawkins: 1. Faith is blind and science is evident based 2. Science supports atheism, not Christianity 3. Design is dead otherwise one must explain who designed the Designer 4. Christianity is dangerous 5. No one needs God to be moral 6. Christian claims about the person Jesus were not true, alleged miracles violates the law of nature The main points of Lennox are summarized as follows: He believes that faith is supported by rational evidence. Science is limited but anything beyond science is not irrational. Religion is the driving force for science. Atheism undermines science. Science is possible is because God is responsible for our mind. Scientist needs faith to believe in the rational intelligibility of the universe. Darwinism does not explain life and the existence of replicator. God is not created because a created God is delusional. Simplicity is not the only criteria of truth. Everything comes from the mind of the planner. Perpetrators disobeyed the explicit command of Christ. Atheism commits intellectual murder. We cannot know the foundations of being good without God. If there is no good and evil, we cannot talk about the good of atheism. Morality obtained elsewhere is of no use. History proves Christianity. Dawkins got his information from an anaesthesiologist and not a theologian. Laws of nature only describe what normally happens. Human beings believed in the existence of science because science also believed in the existence of the universe. From the debate, we think that Dr. John Lennox was an excellent debater based on a few reasons. Firstly, he respects the criticism Dawkins made about Christianity even though he is supporting theism, which is the belief that there is a God in the debate. He listens to all the points that Dawkins has against Christianity with a calm nature. He does not make facial expression that shows he is angry or disturbed even though the some of the comments made by Dawkins were indirectly insulting Christianity. Secondly, most of the points presented by Lennox was very strong, not only in because of how he phrased his points nor the words he use to put forth his points but the points he stated to support Christianity was very logical and is very reasonable. For instance, Lennox made mention that Dawkins denied the concept of good and evil. If what Dawkins believed in was true, there would not be justice and terrorists would escape from punishment! The third supporting statement would be that Dr. Lennox was very familiar with Dawkins literature because he was very confident with each and every argument values that he has given while Dawkins was blabbering to the overall conversation. Dr. Lennox also seemed very prepared with his opposing points toward atheist. Moreover, Dr. Lennox also agreed that science is based on faith at some point and that atheism undermines science. The world needs to believe in faith and religion in order to live morally as religion teaches us to live with moral values. Dr Lennox also gave an overview of both sides and a reasonable conclusion. The existence of the designer is also showed as evidence in the bible and also the creation of beautiful universe for the human beings to live in. And finally we must say that Lennoxs end speech was argumentative and as well as inspiring for the younger generation to have more faith in the existence of god. Dr Lennox gave an expressive and distinct speech on Christian faith. As much as Dr. John Lennox was a good debater, we found a few weaknesses in him during his debate. Firstly, Lennox could not finish putting forth his points in the time given which was 5 minutes. From this we can say that Lennox did not do a very good job in making sure his points were straight to the point so he could make sure that everything he has to say will be able to be presented in the 5 minutes given to him. Secondly, Lennox used the time given for the particular thesis being debated at that time to continue debating in the previous thesis. These are seen as a weakness by us because Lennox has a little time management issue. Lennox also seemed to be going off from his points as he was very much interested in opposing Dawkins points. There were also lack of evidence in Lennox arguments and universe is not evidence due to its existence. Lennox could actually define faith in a more reasonable and elusive manner. In conclusion, Lennoxs statements are much more supported and reli able rather than it was opposed. The main points of Dawkins are as follows: Religion nulls the impulse to understand by putting everything in gods hands. Science is the opposite by explaining how a lot of incidents happen based on hard evidence. Science initially describes that reality is between rationalism and superstition of the existence of god. The idea of science and reality does not overlap with religion. The speculation that god is the designer is flawed. If god was complex enough to design the universe, surely it would require an even more complex design in its own right. Faith is evil as it requires no justification; people can just use faith to justify terrible acts. People should use rationality and common sense instead of blindly following faith. It is unnecessary to distinguish good and evil from the bible, since we already know what is good and evil, and also we are making logical choices of our own. Fundamental incompatibility between complex sciences and some deity that can simply bend the laws of physics at its will. According to the video of debate, Dawkins say that God is merely an illusion and God does not exist. His theory was fully opposed by Lennox who has faith in God. Throughout his debate, the 1st strength that we think Dawkins had is the fact that he stated that sciences are based on evidence while faith is nothing but trust. He stated that We are overwhelmed with beauty and the complexity of the world, and have a desire to worship something. Science emancipates us from this feeling. This point of his is part of his strength because it is true that no one has ever seen nor touched God before. What is God? It is just our beliefs and what can God do if we do not intend to believe in him? During the ancient times, God may just be a highly intelligent being compared to the people then. He may be using the law of sciences to perform miracles. During that time, people would believe in him because people have not yet discovered science. Through the ages as science and technology keeps improvin g, people tend to ignore the existence of God because people now tend to be more civilized and more intelligent. According to the anthropology text book written by ember, God exist because of the fear of human being during the ancient time. They do not know why earthquakes or floods or any other natural disasters happen and hence they think that there is a God which is controlling all these things because God is angry. For the second strength, Dawkins stated that If God made everything, who made God? A designer god cannot be used to explain organized complexity because any god complex enough to design anything would require a complex design in his own right. Or could it be other things that created us rather than God? As stated above, God exist because we are uneducated. When science comes alive, everything just seems to have a way. Everything needs proof and evidence. What is the Galaxy? Has anyone even experience it? Somehow science came out with the width of the Milky Way but still they are not 100% sure because its just one of a theory. Apparently everyone refers God to a human being. Why? God could be in various forms. God could look like a handicap person. Who knows? And when they ask who made God? It means that everyone refers that God is also merely a creature being created. And if he is created, is he still God? For the 3rd strength, Dawkins states that we dont need religion to be good or ethical. How do you define good and ethical? Every culture is different. Hence the teachings will not be the same. Since young, we have been taught not to kill. We then get the mindset and if we practice that, we will be punished badly. But for some other culture, killing is a way to show their bravery. Hence, killing is ethical for them. If there is a God who created this world, why does the teaching of different places not the same? What our ethical means depends on our culture. We may think that it is impolite for people to burp after a meal but for the Arabians, burp after meals means they think that the food is nice. Rather than religion, there are still laws and rules to follow so that people would be as they call ethical. Hence, religion is not required to shape a good being. However, Dawkins states that religions are dangerous. He says that if there is no religion, there will be no suicide bombers killing for the sake of God, and there will be no 9/11. I think that this point is his weakness because the terrorist are just misusing these faithful people to bomb themselves. They claimed that after the suicide bombing, they get to have 72 virgins in heaven according to the Quran. Did they die just because of the virgins or do they have faith? Hence this is not the matter where religions are dangerous. It is the same where the Israelites having war with the Palestinians because they claim that they will fight for their sacred place. However, will God want them to fight? Although God maybe a delusion but think of it. War is not a joke you can practice. It makes people suffers. Not to say God, even anyone of us would not want that to happen right? We think Dawkins showed his weakness during the time where he was questioned by Lennox. Do you have faith in your wife? His whole face was red and the audience was laughing. He could not control his emotion and this shows he is angry. Hence he showed that Lennox had said something good to step on him. So, who won the debate? After considering both the strength and weaknesses of the two debaters, Dr John Lennox and Professor Richard Dawkins, we have come to an agreement that both the debaters Lennox and Dawkins won the argument in a fair manner based on several reasons. Lennox was supporting theism in the debate and we agreed that he has won the argument is because firstly the way he spoke about faith in our opinion is very strong and convincing in supporting Christianity. This can be seen in the debate when Lennox stated that faith is not blind because faith itself carries with it the ideas of believe, trust and commitment and is therefore only as rebus as the evidence for it. He also states that faith, in relativity theory is not blind because there is evidence supporting it. Faith in Christianity according to Lennox is rational and evident based, part of the evidence is objective, some of it comes from science, some comes from history and some of it is subjective coming from experience. Besides that, we think Lennox won the argument because of the way he presented his debate. He not only made the crowd laughed a couple of times, he also managed to refute Dawkins in a manner whereby Dawkins seemed as though he was speechless. This shows that the points that Lennox put forth was so strong until Dawkins could not come up with anything to defend his beliefs. The whole group also thinks that Lennox won the debate because he refuted Dawkinss claim about Christianity is dangerous really well. First and foremost, Lennox performed very well by being honest in admitting that he is ashamed of Christianity personally because of all the happenings that were caused by the crusades and so on. However, Lennox explained further by stating that the perpetrators were not followers of Christ because Christ explicitly commands us not to use physical weapons because Christs kingdom is not of this world. Lennox theory could also be supported because even though there are many types of different religion or also known as cultures that tend to have variety of beliefs, we still have the same teachings. We are trying to say that each and every religion teaches us to live with moral values and to be away from sin and it has a great impact in our lives. Thus, even though the followers are different but they tend to practice the same following. In conclusion, each and every human beings need to have faith in their god and practice their religion in order to live with compatible moral values because science can only teach us not to do certain event but it is unable to explain the reason behind it. However, we also agreed that Dawkins was a fair and evenly matched contender to Lennox as he also made many strong points in the discussion. He backed up his thesis with solid and scientific proof that has been extensively and thoroughly studied. Take for example, the renowned scientist Charles Darwins theory of evolution. Even though Darwin was not able to explain the origin of life, he was at least able to link the gap of evolution between different variations of animals of the same genre, in contrast to Lennox who was basing most of his thesis from the bible, which does not have much, if any at all, certified or standing proof. Among the other points that Dawkins was delivering, another one that came to us quite strongly is that religion and faith is still a manmade entity, not a perfect being such as god. Hence it must have its flaws, because it was not made by a perfect being. Though the ideals promoted by the writers of the holy books are intended to be righteous, others may force us to believe in something that does not make sense, or conflicts one another. For example, the Christian and Islamic religions state that people who do not embrace their god will be sent to hell. There are many other religions out there with different gods and deities. Does this mean that hell waits for people who are not Christians even though they did not commit any sin? It would be illogical and unreasonable, attributes a good god would not have. Lastly, Dawkins also argues that the problem with religion is because religions were created during the olden days, people then did not know much or anything about science. Back then, gods could have been used as a simple and easy means of explanation for many natural occurrences which can be explained through sciences. Back then, god might have been a reality for them as religion gave them something to hold on to by giving them some sort of an explanation to the unknown. Before any advance in scientific knowledge, when lightning occurred, the average god fearing individual would think that God was angry at the people for their sins, and they feel scared so they worshipped god. However, that theory is no longer applicable as we already have a logical, scientific, and rational explanation for it. Based on all the reasons stated above, once again we would like to state that we think both the debaters won the argument fairly because presented their stand point of views in two distinctive manner but both are strong and convincing.